Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Aim: The main objective of the paper is to evaluate the scale, scope, and significance of investments in renewable energy sources by cities in Poland, which were co-financed from EU funds. This assessment will focus on the last two multiannual financial frameworks, namely for the years 2007–2013 and 2014–2020. Methods: Empirical studies were conducted based on data from the database of the Ministry of Development Funds and Regional Policy in Poland, the Local Data Bank, and the Ministry of Finance. When investigating the investment activity of towns and cities related to renewable energy sources, basic descriptive statistics methods were applied. Logistic regression was used to identify the primary socio-economic, financial, and environmental conditions. Results: In the analyzed period, the role of towns and cities in the realization of renewable energy projects increased, although it is still relatively limited compared to other types of administrative communes. In the multiannual financial framework for 2007–2013, less than one in ten cities executed at least one project, while in the years 2014–2020, more than one in four cities realized at least one project related to the development of renewable energy sources supported by EU funds. The disparity in activity between towns and cities on a regional scale was huge. These investments were more often realized by towns and cities with a lower level of development, serving tourist functions, and experienced in carrying out such investments. Their lower investment activity was influenced by their level of indebtedness. Conclusions: So far, one of the main drivers behind the development of renewable energy in urban areas has been the ecological aspect, particularly the improvement of air quality. However, there is now a growing recognition of the importance of energy security.
Article Details
Climate & Energy Framework. Climate Action. European Commision. Retrieved from https://ec.eu-ropa.eu/clima/policies/strategies/2030_pl [accessed 10.10.2023].
Barbiére, C. (2015). 700 cities promise renewable energy transition by 2050. EuractiveFr. Retrieved from https:// www.euractiv.com/section/climate-environment/ news/700-cities-promise-renewable-energy-transi-tion-by-2050/ [accessed: 19.03.2024].
Bibri, S.E., Krogstie, J. (2017). Smart sustainable cities of the future: An extensive interdisciplinary literature review. Sustainable Cities and Society, 31, 183–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2017.02.016
Bulkeley, H., Castan-Broto, V., Hodson, M., Marvin, S. (2013). Cities and low carbon transitions. Routledge, New York – London.
Burchard-Dziubińska, M. (2016). Gospodarka niskoemi¬syjna w mieście (Low-emission economy in the city), [In:] A. Rzeńca (ed.), EkoMiasto# środowisko. zrówn¬oważony, inteligentny i partycypacyjny rozwój miasta (EcoCity # environment. sustainable, intelligent and participatory city development). Wydawnictwo Uniwer¬sytetu Łódzkiego, Łódź, 165–189.
Chen, X.H., Tee, K., Elnahass, M., Ahmed, R. (2023). Assessing the environmental impacts of renewable energy sources: A case study on air pollution and car¬bon emissions in China. Journal of Environmental Management, 345, 118525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jenvman.2023.118525
CKE (2021). Polska Net-Zero 2050. Podręcznik transfor¬macji energetycznej dla samorządów. Centrum Analiz Klimatyczno-Energetycznych, Warszawa. Retreived from https://climatecake.ios.edu.pl/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/ Polska-net-zero.-Podrecznik-transformacji-ener¬getycznej-dla-samorzadow..pdf [accessed: 19.03.2024].
Cramer, J.S. (2011). Logit Models from Economics and Other Fields. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Czyżak, P., Sikorski, M., Wrona, A. (2021). Co po węglu? Potencjał OZE w Polsce (What’s next for coal? The potential of renewable energy in Poland). Instrat Policy Paper 06/2021. Retrieved from https://www.instrat.pl/ wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Instrat-Co-po-w%C4%¬99glu.pdf [accessed: 19.03.2024].
De Jong, M., Joss, S., Schraven, D., Zhan, C., Weijnen, M. (2015). Sustainable-smart-resilient-low car¬bon-eco-knowledge cities; making sense of a multi¬tude of concepts promoting sustainable urbanization. Journal of Cleaner Production, 109, 25–38. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.02.004
Dembicka-Niemiec, A., Szafranek-Stefaniuk, E., Kalin¬ichenko, A. (2023). Structural and investment funds of the European Union as an instrument for creating a low-carbon economy by selected companies of the energy sector in Poland. Energies, 16, 2031. https://doi. org/10.3390/en16042031
Dworakowska, M. (2016). Limity zadłużenia jednostek samorządu terytorialnego w zmieniającym się otocze¬niu gospodarczym (Debt limits of local government units in the changing economic environment). Eco¬nomic Problems of Services, 125, 137–148. https://doi. org/10.18276/epu.2016
Eleftheriadis, I.M., Anagnostopoulou., E.G. (2015). Iden¬tifying barriers in the diffusion of renewable energy sources. Energy Policy, 80, 153–164.
Eurostat. Retrived from https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/data/ database [accessed: 01.10.2023].
Ferro De Guimarães, F. C., Severo, E.A., Felix Júnior, L.A., Leite Batista Da Costa, W.P., Tasso Salmoria, F. (2020). Governance and quality of life in smart cities: Towards sustainable development goals. Journal of Cleaner Production, 253, 119926. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcle¬pro.2019.119926
Geels, F. (2013). The role of cities in technological transi¬tions: analytical clarifications and historical examples. [In:] H. Bulkeley, V. Castan-Broto, M. Hodson, S. Mar¬vin (eds), Cities and low carbon transitions. Routledge, New York – London, 13–28.
Giffinger, R., Fertner, C., Kramar, H., Pichler-Milanović, N., Meijers, E. (2007). Smart Cities, Ranking of Eu¬ropean Medium-Sized Cities. Research Report. Vienna University of Technology. Retrieved from https://www. smart-cities.eu/download/smart_cities_final_report.pdf [accessed: 19.03.2024].
Giffinger, R., Kramar, H., Haindlmaier, G., Strohmayer, F. (2014). European Smart Cities 3.0. University of Technology, Vienna. Retrieved from https://www.smart- -cities.eu/?cid=01&ver=3 [accessed: 19.03.2024].
GUS, BDL. Retrieved from https://bdl.stat.gov.pl/bdl [ac¬cessed: 10.09.2023].
Hagos, D.A., Gebremedhin, A., Zethraeus, B. (2014). To¬wards a flexible energy system – a case study for In-land Norway. Applied Energy, 130, 41–50. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.05.022
Hilbe, J.M. (2009). Logistic Regression Models. Chapman & Hall/CRC Press, Boca Raton.
Hoang, A.T., Pham, V.V., Nguyen, X.P. (2021). Integrating renewable sources into energy system for smart city as a sagacious strategy towards clean and sustainable process. Journal of Cleaner Production, (305), 127161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127161
Hoppe, T., van Bueren, E. (2015). Guest editorial: governing the challenges of climate change and energy transition in cities. Energy, Sustainability and Society, 5, 19. https:// doi.org/10.1186/s13705-015-0047-7
Hosmer, D.W., Lemeshow, S. (2000). Applied logistic regres¬sion. Wiley & Sons, New York. Retreived from https://www. wodkany.pl/zuzycie-wody-w-polsce [accessed: 13.10.2023].
International Energy Agency World Energy Outlook, IEA Paris (2022). Retrieved from https://www.iea.org/reports/ world-energy-outlook-2022 [accessed: 10.10.2023].
Jacobson, M.Z., Cameron, M.A., Hennessy, E.M., Petkov I., Meyer, C.B., Gambhir, T.K. (2018). 100% clean and renewable Wind, Water, and Sunlight (WWS) all-sector energy roadmaps for 53 towns and cities in North Amer¬ica. Sustainable Cities and Society, 42, 22–37. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2018.06.031
Juchimiuk, J. (2011). Odnawialne źródła energii wizytówką in¬nowacyjnego miasta – Worrstadt, Bydgoszcz, Częstochowa, Szczawnica (Renewable energy sources – the showcase of an innovative city – Worrstadt, Bydgoszcz, Częstochowa, Szczawnica). Przegląd Budowlany, 82(9), 23–29.
Kleinbaum, D.G., Klein, M. (2002). Logistic regression. Springer, New York.
Kozera, A. (2017). Rosnące zadłużenie jednostek samorządu terytorialnego jako zagrożenie dla rozwoju lokalnego (Growing debt of local government units as a threat to local development). Nierówności Społeczne a Wzrost Gospodarczy, 49, 203–215. https://doi.org/10.15584/ nsawg.2017.1.16
Kozera, A., Satoła, Ł., Standar, A., Dworakowska-Raj, M. (2022). Regional diversity of low-carbon investment support from EU funds in the 2014–2020 financial perspective based on the example of Polish municipali¬ties. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 168, 112863. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2022.112863
Kubiczek, P., Smoleń, M. (2023). Polski nie stać na śred¬nie ambicje. Oszczędności dzięki szybkiemu rozwo¬jowi OZE do 2030 r. (Poland cannot afford average ambitions. Savings thanks to the rapid development of renewable energy by 2030). Instrat Policy Paper 03/2023. Retrieved from https://instrat.pl/wp-content/ uploads/2023/03/Instrat-Policy-Paper-03-2023-Polski-nie-stac-na-srednie-ambicje.pdf [accessed: 19.03.2024].
Ministerstwo Finansów (2021). Wskaźniki do oceny sytuac¬ji finansowej JST w latach 2018–2020 [Indicators for as-sessing the financial situation of local government units in 2018-2020]. Retrieved from https://www.gov.pl/web/ finanse/wskazniki-do-oceny-sytuacji-finansowej-jed¬nostek-samorzadu-terytorialnego-w-latach-2018-2020 [accessed: 26.09.2023].
Neirotti, P., De Marco, A., Cagliano, A. C., Mangano, G., Scorrano, F. (2014). Current trends in Smart City initia-tives: Some stylised facts. Cities, 38, 25–36. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.cities.2013.12.010
Parlament Europejski (2024). Polityka energetyczna: zasady ogólne (Energy policy: general principles). Retrieved from https://www.europarl.europa.eu/ftu/pdf/ pl/FTU_2.4.7.pdf [accessed: 10.10.2023].
Polzin, F.P., von Flotow, P., Klerkx, L. (2016). Addressing barriers to eco-innovation: Exploring the finance mo-bilisation functions of institutional innovation interme¬diaries. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 103(C), 34–46.
Rogerson, R.J. (1999). Quality of life and city competi¬tiveness. Urban studies, 36(5–6), 969–985. https://doi. org/10.1080/0042098993303
Senlier, N., Yildiz, R., Aktaş, E.D.A (2009). Perception sur¬vey for the evaluation of urban quality of life in Kocaeli and a comparison of the life satisfaction with the Eu¬ropean Cities. Social Indicators Research, 94, 213–226. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-008-9361-1
Słotwiński, S. (2022). Building energy self-sufficiency of mu¬nicipalities on the basis of national legal conditions in the theoretical perspective of the Polish legal experiences. En¬ergies, 15(9), 3000. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15093000
Standar, A., Kozera, A., Jabkowski, D. (2022). The role of large cities in the development of low-carbon econo-my – the example of Poland. Energies, 15, 595. https:// doi.org/10.3390/en15020595
Stawasz, D., Sikora-Fernandez, D. (2015). Zarządzanie w polskich miastach zgodne z koncepcją Smart City. (Management in Polish cities in line with the Smart City concept). Placet, Warszawa.
Szlufik, M. (2017). Znaczenie i warunki rozwoju odnawial¬nych źródeł energii dla stanu środowiska naturalnego i zdrowia publicznego (The importance and conditions for the development of renewable energy sources for the state of the natural environment and public health). Czasopismo Studentów i Doktorantów Wydziału Prawa i Administracji UKSW, (4), 42–51.
Thellufsen, J.Z., Lund, H., Sorknæs, P., Østergaard, P.A., Chang, M., Drysdale, D., Nielsen, S., Djørup, S.R., Sperling. K. (2020). Smart energy cities in a 100% re¬newable energy context. Renewable and Sustainable En¬ergy Reviews, (129), 109922. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. rser.2020.109922
Thellufsen, J.Z., Lund, H. (2016). Roles of local and nation¬al energy systems in the integration of renewable energy. Applied Energy, 183, 419–429. https://10.1016/j.apen¬ergy.2016.09.005
URE (2022). Karta Efektywnej Transformacji Sieci Dys¬trybucyjnych Polskiej Energetyki (Charter for the Ef¬fective Transformation of Distribution Networks of the Polish Energy Industry.). Urząd Regulacji Energetyki. Retrieved from https://www.ure.gov.pl/pl/urzad/infor¬macje-ogolne/aktualnosci/10630,Rynek-energii-elek¬trycznej-historyczne-porozumienie-sektorowe-regula¬tora-i-opera.html [accessed: 19.03.2024].
Xing, K., Wiedmann, T., Newton, P., Huang, B., Pullen, S. (2019). Development of low-carbon urban forms - con-cepts, tools and scenario analysis. [In:] P. Newton, D. Prasad, A. Sproul, S. White (eds). Decarbonising the built environment. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7940-6_12
Zasady działania funduszy 2014–2020 (Operating principles for 2014–2020). Ministerstwo Rozwoju i Inwestycji w Polsce. Retrieved from https://www.funduszeeurope¬jskie.gov.pl/strony/o-funduszach/zasady-dzialania-fun¬duszy/ [accessed: 27.07.2023].
Zhan, C., De Jong, M., De Bruijn, H. (2018). Funding sustainable cities: a comparative study of Sino- -Singapore Tianjin Eco-City and Shenzhen International Low-Carbon City. Sustainability, 10, 4256. https://doi. org/10.3390/su10114256
Downloads
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.